For most of human history, diamonds have been the ultimate luxury item. Useful, beautiful, hard to come by, and impossible to recreate. Most of them formed a billion or more years ago, deep in the Earth's mantle. Way down there, the pressure and heat are just right to crystallize carbon into diamond instead of graphite. It's that crystalline structure that gives diamonds their unique durability. They shot to the surface long ago by volcanic eruptions, and the abrupt drop in temperature locked all those bonds into place forever. Diamonds are dramatic and improbable, so they're immensely valuable. Except, that part about being impossible to recreate, it's not true anymore. Historically, the diamond industry has a lot to answer for. It operated like a large, price-fixing cartel for most of the 20th century. It's implicated in horrifying conflicts in Africa, and elsewhere. And it's done significant environmental damage. This we know. But these day...