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Week 6 [15-28.04.2019] Simple 3D printing world


Imagine you could magically create any object you need. Feels great, right? Nowadays, thanks to 3D printing technology our creativity no longer has any bounds! This still new technology has stormed the market and very quickly went into the mainstream. Today each of us with small financial outlays is able to start his adventure in 3D printing world.


For example, a very good 3D printer, such as ANET A8, can be purchased for $149. All you need is to download one of  free applications for 3D modeling and you can begin to realize your ideas. Of course, do not worry that you will not be able to do anything in the application. Learning modeling in a visual approach will only take about two weeks.
If someone wants to be able to print in many colors, the ability to change a 3d printer in a CNC or a laser, I recommend ZMorph printer. Unfortunately, its price and print quality leave much to be desired…

Moreover, the material from which we want to  something, in the simplest case, the FDM printer (fused deposition modelling) can choose from many different varieties.
There is a huge variety of materials that you can use to print something on your 3D printer. Each of them has different characteristics which can improve the quality and usefulness of your print.
The simplest and most often used materials that are easy to print of are:
Ø  PLA (polyactic Acid) – PLA is based on fermented corn stratch
Ø  ABS (and compounds) Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene – stronger than PLA. For example of this material are manufactured car bumpers
Ø  Nylon, Rubber and TPU - Their composition is based on PLA, but their great advantage is the high flexibility of printed elements.
We also have filaments that can be called ”materials for special tasks”. It is, among others, resin, wood, glass or even stainless steel, aluminum, bronze, copper and many, many more. Of course, those filaments  are not 100% made of these materials. All of them are a melts with another standard filament (eg PLA). However, the results we get while using a filament that even has only 50% of metal chips in it are completely different than the ones achived with standar ones. Both the sound, the weight and the possibilities of prints made of infused filaments resemble things made of different than plastic material. The demand for special filaments is not high at the moment, however their popularity is still growing.
Sounds interesting? There is another, very important fact about 3D printing. Most of the materials that we can print of are environmentally friendly! Plastic that is derived from biomass (e.g. PLA) is known as “bioplastic”. The duration of biodegradation of packaging made with PLA lasts from 6 to 24 months. Also, there are companies that are producing filaments made of recycled plastic bottles or  even rubbish retreived from the oceans! Wonderful, right?

1.      Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
2.      If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
3.      Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
4.      Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?

Sources:

Comments

Anna Koca said…
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?

I had a roommate on Erasmus who was working as a design engineer and he said it was crucial for their work to work on 3d printers. I also heard that you could print a gun from one that would leave no trace of a killer.

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?

Food I guess, however plastic is not yet edible.

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?

Yes, especially for the logistic reasons (it can wipe away logistics and transport as we know it today).

4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?

Yes, but I guess if it was too contradictory to my hobby, I would drop the environmental issues.
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
No I haven't , only I heard about some project from You or from Our together friends . This is very intresting.
2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
Hm... good question but I guess that it may be something what will be remind me about something like some situation from vacation like me dancing with someone or something .
3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
Maybe, but we will see how it will be look with whole industry , they may think like its not profitable ( like Łągiewka bumber) and because of that they will never decide for that
4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?
Of course always, for example I prefere to go to work by my bike because its healthy and much more better for Our enviroment
Nataliya Tkach said…
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
Unfortunately I didn't have the opportunity to print something. I remember the first time I heard that there were 3D printers, I was delighted.

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?It is difficult to decide until the end, it can be the original phone case, earrings , belt buckle

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
I think so. I saw the video for already made shoes.

4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?
My hobbies have no impact on the environment.
1. My only contact with 3d printing world was a piece of plastic which allows to mount a camera to the helmet. I think that is very convenient that thanks to the 3d printers you can produce any shape that can possibly solve many problems with original items. Some time ago I was watching a review of electrostatic headphones with very uncomfortable pads and without possibility to mount different ones, but the guy who made that review managed to get a 3d printed adapter which allowed to replace them. Pretty cool stuff.

2. Maybe a sort of a model of a gun to scare potential enemies 😊 Seriously, I don’t know, the need is the mother of the invention, and I have no need right now.

3. Maybe, but I am not sure how it works right now, how do they produce plastic items, so I don’t know what difference would 3d printers make.

4. I don’t know, because I have no hobby which could be dangerous to the environment. Actually, I can’t really find one that would be harmful in that way. Maybe motor sports, but the scale of them is too low to pose a threat. Hard question, I don’t know.
Thank you for your opinion! Tell me, if you had access to 3D printers, would you be interested in developing in this field?
Thanks! Oh yes, printed food is a great idea! Even at our university, we are thinking about creating a 3d printer printing from chocolate: D
Thank you for your comment! I also think that it is not profitable at all levels, but some production areas can go to 3D printing
Honestly? In my opinion, we are not limited by materials and technology, but by imagination and willingness, so the possibilities of prints are almost endless :)
Bartosz Barnat said…
1. I have never had any contact with 3D printing. I think it's a great invention and it really has an impact in our world right now.

2. I have no idea what I would print. There is nothing that comes into my mind.

3. I think it could be a future. When people can print food right now or even cars so it already has a big impact. There are lots of companies that print you some really interesting stuff that I had no idea could be printed.

4. Well yes they are important but only when I really find anything that makes them bad for the enviroment.
ExoKuzo said…
Ive seen couple very nice projects being completed with 3D printing being used, never had a chance to use one myself though. When it comes to 3D printing i can see a great future for its use as not only production oriented technology but also as an tool to restore what was lost, what i mean by that is i saw it being used to reproduce archaeological findings for showcases, studies and use. If we are able to reproduce scanned objects accurately we could spread some archaeological findings "pieces of past" around the world, that would eliminate the need to travel to foreign countries just to see a "particular piece of past".

When it comes to environmental issues, with the amount of plastic thats used by a single food company the use of 3D printers would be a drop of water in the ocean.
I have watched movies about 3D printing on Youtube many times. I really like it. I believe that 3D printing can be used almost anywhere.

I never wondered what to print on such a printer. The first thing that comes to mind is a mug or a dragon figure.

It seems to me that 3D printers can be used in the future to produce many things. Certainly manufacturers should develop them very much. Upgrade, upgrade and one more time upgrade.

The environment is not my hobby, but I know it is in bad condition. I try not to buy many plastic bags, segregate garbage, use less water. I hope that everyone will think about the environment at least once.
Maciej Sadoś said…
My only contact with 3D printing was when I've watched some videos about it on YouTube. I think it's a brilliant invention and it could in some way change the production market or fill some gaps.
It would probably be some souvenir, something to remind me of the best moment from e.g. holidays.
Yes, like I said above I think it could certainly be a future of the production market.
My hobby could be a little bit eco-unfriendly but in other cases I try to compensate it.
Adam Nguyen said…
Unfortunately, I’ve had distant contact with this technology, but I have read about it a lot. it is very helpful and interesting that you can print everything in 3D. I have seen many projects where the author used only 3D printer and some electronic devices to build robots and drones. I think it a valuable technology for designers and creators to have 3D printers.

If I had to print it now, I’d print some figures, probably Pikachu 😊. However, if I had more time I would plan something more complex.

I think it is highly possible that 3D printing would be the future of production market. This technology is constantly evolving and in future not only we could print more complex models, but it would be also cheap.

I believe none of my hobbies pose any threat to the environment. However, I am always trying to be aware of the consequences of my actions – for example, I try to always recycle. I also usually donate the books I’ve read.
I love 3D printing and i am actually surprised that noone tried to create and popularise it much earlier because it has just so many advantages to classic manufacturing. I would love to print some weird statuettes or a weapons, there was a guy who provided weapon CADs for 3D printers in internet, creating things like that would be totally cool. I am sure that 3D printing will be the future of manufacturing market, bacause it is much better. In my hobby i would never do anything malicious towards nature, unless i didn't know that, and if there is way to do something without hurting my environment i would use it.
Damn, that would be cool if PJWSTK had place where you can print your own chocolate figure.
3d printing is really cool technology. I've seen somewhere on the web that in Japan I think, there is a company that prints fake legs for pets - isn't that cool? Also there are some kind of plans for printing human hearts etc. That also would be nice.
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
I only saw 3d printer and never used one. I think that is a great invention its only downfall is that printing need too much time and you can buy most of the item you want to print cheaper in shops. But if you want something unique then this is what you are looking for.
2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
Hmmm maybe a heart it’s always good to have spare heart
3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
Of course, it is. Now they basically can print anything they can think of like organs, cloth, bike even food. I head that they plan build gigantic 3d printer that will build houses on mars. So yes, I think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market.
4. Are environmental issues, when it comes to your hobby, important to you?
I don’t have any hobby that have issue with environment but if I had any then I probably wouldn’t care too much
Yes, i have heard a lot about 3D printing and i really admire those people, who created it. Unfortunately, i don't have a huge experience working with 3D printing, but i hope i will explore it more in nearest future. I would love to print my sculpture in 20x20x30cm size. I can't imagine how it can look like, but it will help to populate my personal brand :) I think that 3D printing is not only a future, it is our present. People already use it on market and noone denies the fact, that it is a cool feature.
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?

I never contacted the 3D printing world and even if it can solve lots of crucial world's issues, I withstand all the plastic manufacturing and usages so I don’t really want to participate in any way in 3D printing while it uses such material.

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?

Agree with my colleague, plastic is not edible, nor recyclable.

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?

Yes, it is. Cheap and easy to use. Every big manufacturer would like it.

4. Are environmental issues, when it comes to your hobby, important to you?

Yes, caring about environment is a huge part of my life these days. For now it is my hobby as the matter of fact. I am trying to go zero waste and resign to use any plastic products.
Exactly! Regarding the printed 3D heart - recently this was done :D

https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/15/tel-aviv-university-3d-printed-heart/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_cs=Bc1O46MN8oUoUIPTkayCWA
Maybe someday you will have free time to familiarize yourself with 3D printing, I invite you! ;)
Yes, exactly, we usually use 3d printing to print something that we can not get in stores. And as I mentioned in previous comments, print your heart is now possible ^^ Now we have to learn to stimulate them to work properly!
Thank you for your opinion! Most of all, this is a very interesting issue. Creating reproductions of various things for exhibition purposes is already used in practice :) I have even been to one of such exhibitions, but they have one key problem. Most of these things look too good for the originals. In addition, unfortunately, they do not have this climate, mood and atmosphere, what original things.
The printer market is happily growing very fast, and print materials are constantly being created. However, when printing the cup you have to be careful, because not all materials are intended for contact with food ;)
Yes, the holiday souvenirs market can grow very fast thanks to this technology :D
So what is your hobby?
Thank you for your opinion! As much as possible, for creators it is a very useful device. What's more, if you are interested, I plan to create my own implementation of a simple small and inexpensive drone printed in 3D in the near future;)
Thanks! Exactly, there are still various models of weapons printed in 3D from simple airguns to those for regular bullets, but do not you think that this is a bit scary?
I encourage you to start your adventure with 3D printing! It does not get boring at all, it enables us to create everything that our imagination will bring to us. If you want some tips on how to start, I'm available to you ;)
I do not agree with your opinion because, as mentioned in the article, most of the materials are ecological and made of natural resources. Most of the materials that we can print of are environmentally friendly. Therefore, I do not see any obstacles in using such solutions. What's more, the used material can also be re-used;)
Anton Medvediev said…
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
Girlfriend of my best friend was in school of 3D printing, i think it is a future, in medicine, manufactures, and etc
2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
if i can choose the metal, i will do some car stuff, part of engine etc
3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
aha, i wrote it in 1 questions, but i think yes it will be in 100% when it will be cheaper and more available
4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?
i dont know it’s a hard question, i cant find some impact in my hobbies on it
Very interesting topic. Answering the questions:

1. I havent had direct contact about 3D printing, but I heard a lot. This is really good stuff, that can revolutionize the world in various fields - entertainment, health service, cosmos, military and science.

2. What I would print in this size, hmmm., let's think, hmmm... Maybe a drone? Finally I'd have a chance to fly with it.

3. Absolutly yes. As I mentioned in the first point, it revolutionize in various fields. According to me, the biggest achievement is printing an artificial heart and lungs using a 3D printer.

4. I have environment-friendly hobbies, so I am sure that my hobbies aren't affect or make any threat in environment. Calm down and be relax :)
I haven't had any experience with 3D printing. But there were a lot of articles in media from when it started about achievements in this field. I heard it already improved some areas just with printing parts and not having to order and deliver them. Absolute revolution will be when you will be able to print whole working car.
Hmmm, i like watching different stuff on YT also so me DIY things. So yeah, i learned a bit about this topic. Also i was preparing system to manage queues and orders for 3D printers as a project but i haven't really got any idea what to print for myself. I guess some car accessory as i have never enough. As for your 3rd question ill will agree. There were already created fully working engines, mostly built by 3D printers so yeah. I guess its more then possible. Hmmm, when it comes to last question. My biggest hobby is driving and working with a car so yeah. It is not really enviroment friendly. All kind of oils, exhausts etc. Can't help with that sorry. Sound of petrol engine is too good to change it for fully electric car. At least for now.
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
Unfortunately, I have never had a contact with 3D printing world, but I think that it is a great invention which can improve a lot of areas of our life from medicine to art.
2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
I think it would be a unicorn with a purple hair and shining horn :)
3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
Completely sure about that.
4. Are environmental issues, when it comes to your hobby, important to you?
My hobbies are dancing and acrobatics, so it's more neutral. But I'm trying to reduce a usage of plastic and paper.
EroX said…
This comment has been removed by the author.
Maciej Sadoś said…
Actually it's gokarting, so a little bit of CO2 to the atmosphere every time you drive :-)
No I haven't got any physical contact with 3D printer, I've heard a lot about it but I haven't got any chance to play with it.
I don't think I would like to print anything right now, most of the shapes could be bought through internet and I dont feel any need to print something on my own.
I don't think that 3D printers are future of production, as the process of printing is quite long, I belive that 3D models and parts are future of medicine.
Kind of ? I always try to care about the environment and I try to choose things that are ecological.
s18716 said…
This comment has been removed by the author.
Zygmunt Z said…
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?

Not really, I am not a huge fan of it but my girlfriend attended on some free courses and from what she was telling I can say that she found it interesting.

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?

I don’t know, I guess something that I could use on the daily basis. Tools, maybe.

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?

To some extent, but I enjoy things that are hand-made.

4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?

I try, but if your hobby are fast cars which might not be very ecological it is quite difficult sometimes. I guess that I try to redeem guilts by being ecological in other ares.
Marta Kowalczyk said…
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
I have a friend who spends most of his evenings with his 3D printer. He usually designs and prints parts for his plane models.

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
The first think that comes to my mind is a miniature of my dog :) Yes, I am a crazy dog mum. Probably I could do someting more usefull, but I can’t realluy think of anything at the momment.

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
It might be, but it depends of how costly it is. Right now it is probably less expensive to make plastic parts in huge quantitis in a factory.

4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?
Yes, environmental issues are very important to me, always. I pick up trash in the forest every day when I walk my dog. I also don’t use one use plastic bottles when I work out.
1. Yes. I often use printed elements in projects. I think that this is one of the most useful inventions of recent years.
2. Personally, I often print construction elements of prototypes built by me. Currently, he is also building a sports car and will probably also use 3d printing for fastening elements.
3. Definitely, it's hard to mention all applications.
4. They are important to me and I try to take care of them.
Oh! School of 3D printing! Can you give more information about what and how they teach? I am interested in their approach to 3d printing.
Thank you for your interest! :D
Regarding your idea for printing a drone, I invite you to cooperation! I have also been thinking about it for some time ^^
In fact, a man is able to print a working car. It is enough to use a 3D printer of various types (mainly metallurgical). But why should we do it, if other ways are more efficient and cheaper?
Yup, ecology in the case of lovers of traditional engines is not often a theme going hand in hand, but I'm not surprised :D
However, I have never had the pleasure of hearing a live engine fully printed on 3D printers - another thing that I will have to do in my free time!
1. Yes I did! Last year my team used the academies printer to make a prototype of a puzzle game we designed for a presentation. Honestly the process took a solid day for a few simple shapes and the quality was underwhelming. We still needed to do a lot of hand sanding to make parts fit. But I heard it depends a lot on the type of filament i.e. resin printers producing much greater detail then plastic.
2. Organs probably. Growing them is expensive and time consuming. The ability to print matching organs on demand would save lives.
3. There are more cost effective ways to produce stuff in bulk, but it definitely has a niche.
4. I honestly never had to consider environmental issues in the context of my hobby specificaly.
Unfortunately, I have never had a 3D printer. I'm also not strong in this topic. I know that we can print anything. But I have no thought on this topic. In fact, I think that we can print anything. Also from metal. Only need to pick up materials. It can also be used in industry. I think that it is already actively used. And yes, I do not use plastic bags! And I advise you!
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
Yes, i have had a contact with 3D printing and i think it is an interesting technology which creates many opportunities.
3D printing is a hot topic and we can see how many inspiring projects there are (e.g 3D Chocolate printers used for printing cakes).
Soon enough, 3d printers will be able to print biomaterial to construct vital organs like heart or liver.
(https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/15/health/3d-printed-heart-study/index.html)

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
If i would have a 3d printer, i would like to print some sporks (a combination of a spoon and a fork) or some figures from diffrent movies.

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
I think it is a great tool for any designer for prototyping things but not so much to regular person. Common people are not target or main objective here, because we are used to buy everything we need, and not to make everything ourselves (especially waiting many hours to print smallest things). But if we think of 3d printing as a tool used to design things, prototype them, print a model of a building, then it is a big advantage and technologically step up. It can improve products and therefore improve regular peoples life.

4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?
Of course yes, everyone should take in consideration enviromental issues. We need to be aware of our actions and implication on our surrondings. Everything we make can be enviromental friendly, but we need to take into consideration that the process itself may be causing harm to enviroment, by e.g wasting a lot of energy.
It may appear that eco-product, while it producing process, created more waste than its non-eco competitor. Everyone should be aware of such things and we need to think about it.
Peter Clemenza said…
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
No, but im planning to buy one, they are quite nice

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
Gun parts, toys, (new lego bricks), who knows mayby some food utencils

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
Probably, its crucial for non-massive production

4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?
I like things that last long. i dont buy crap so its kinda connected
1. I've watched some channels on YouTube about 3D printing projects with Arduino involved. The capabilities were awesome: arm drawing shapes, a spider-like remotely controlled thing.



2. Things that that can't be bought for now. For example a flap of my GameBoy batteries slot. It's unbelievable but they are made so loose and easy to be accidentally dropped anywhere. I've already seen projects for printing them in 3D.



3. It's hard to estimate whether it may be more cost-effective for factories than traditional methods of production. But I think it gives large opportunity in making prototypes for startups and home-brew projects.



4. My hobbies aren't so influential on environment, so I haven't really thought it through. Although, I must admit that the eco idea behind 3D printing materials seems to be so fresh and innovative.
Unfortunately, my contact with the world of 3D printing was very small. But I would like to study in this area more deeply. I believe that 3D printing is our future.
If I had the opportunity, I would print the figures of my favorite characters, which I myself would model on a computer.
Already, 3D printing has created a furor. It is used in millions of different directions. In medicine, they even print valves and implants on 3D printers. This is definitely the future of the production market.
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
I have seen a 3D printer at my friends’ house. He even printed something. I think that it’s very useful for mechanical engineers and so on. But I don’t think I would use it more than once or twice

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
Yeah, I have no idea man. I don’t think that I really need 3D printer, but maybe a phone case.

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
I don’t think so. Not for now, we have much faster and more efficient ways to make most of our stuff now.

4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?
Yes, they are

This comment has been removed by the author.
1.Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?
I had contact with a 3D printer. It's hard to believe, but my colleague has created such a printer, on the basis of arduino and engines.
What do you think about this printer? I think that this is the future that will facilitate us in everyday life, for example, printing an item that can not be bought anywhere in the store, or figurines for board games and many many other cool things

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?
If I was in possession of such a printer, I would certainly print Arthas from the game World of warcraft.
In total, every figure from the game :). But if it was only one thing, it would be Arthas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uf_cs5CBbzY

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?
I think not, because 3D printing is quite free. Rather, we will remain in production using plastic injection molding machines. But for sure 3D printing will become a bit easier
eg printing lost items, collectible figures, etc.

4.Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, important to you?
It's hard to answer this question :)
Illia Lukisha said…
1. Have you ever had a contact with 3D printing world? What do you think about it?

No I didn't. But I think that's cool that your can create complex stuff by your own.

2. If you could print everything you can imagine in sizes 20x20x30cm, what would it be?

I think it could be prototypes of smart devices. Because you can iterate without waiting of Chinese manufactured samples that will arrive after month of waiting.

3. Do you think, that 3D printing is the future of the production market?

I think it's future of prototyping and also creates the possibility for space, giving ability to print necessary parts as they need them instead of bringing everything from Earth.

4. Are enviromental issues, when it comes to your hobby, improtant to you?

Yes it is. But I think we have more issues in other industries. And 3d printing isn't comparable to that.
1. Yes, I have. I was able only to watch someone use it but it seemed quite ubelievable but very practical and convenient.
2. A miniature of my Alfa Romeo, I love it and it would be amazing to be able to look at it before I go to bed.
3. I'm confident it will be used in the future, I know that some products are being manufactured this way already, it's a matter of years before it becomes very popular among all factories.
4. They are, I think that renewable materials are the future, also for 3D printing.

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The problem with ecological cars emission in UK Since the adoption of the European Emission Allowance Directive in the European Parliament, all car makers have tried to submit. Since 1992, the Euro I standard has been in force, which limited the emission of carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. The Euro VI standard currently applies, which limits the series of exhaust gases. These include: hydrocarbons, nitrogen and carbon oxides, and dust.   The most significant change was brought by the Euro IV standard. For the first time it introduced the limitation of nitrogen oxides, which are responsible for the harmful compounds of smog.   What is smog?   Smog consists of sulfur oxides, nitrogen and carbon. In addition, solid substances such as suspended dust (PM). Dust suspend in atmospheric aerosols may be in liquid and solid form. These can be particles of sea salt, clouds from the Sahara and artificial compounds made by people. These compounds often come fr

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Owls are nocturnal creatures. They’re wide awake at night and they sleep during the day. If this sounds like bliss to you, then, like about 20 percent of the population who find themselves most active at around 9 pm, you may fall into the same category as our feathered friend. Night owls often have difficulty waking up in the morning, and like to be up late at night.  Studies of animal behaviour indicate that being a night owl may actually be built into some people’s genes. This would explain why those late-to-bed, late-to-rise people find it so difficult to change their behaviour. The trouble for night owls is that they just have to be at places such as work and school far too early. This is when the alarm clock becomes the night owl’s most important survival tool. Experts say that one way for a night owl to beat their dependence on their alarm clocks is to sleep with the curtains open. The Theory is that if they do so, the morning sunlight will awaken them gently and naturally.

Week 4 [06-12.11.2017] This is what happens when you reply to spam email.

James Veitch is a British comedian. In today’s Ted Talk James with characteristic for himself a sense of humor shows how he deals with spam emails and why responding to junk messages may be sometimes dangerous. Questions: What do you think about James’s  way of dealing with spam? Why are junk messages legal, even though it sometimes may be a fraud? Dou you have a problem with spam? How do you deal with with it?