Caffeine, contained in food, beverages and medication, is widely used and considered to be one of the most popular cognitive enhancer. Although multiple studies confirmed its amplifying effects on cognitive functions, debates over whether caffeine is a cognitive enhancer, or, on the contrary, harms people’s health are still ongoing. Because various diverging opinions exist it is important to understand the scientific background of the effects of caffeine. Caffeine and Cognition There is a variety of cognitive processes. They are classified as natural or artificial, aware or unconscious. The idea of cognition represents a capability for dealing with information, applying knowledge, and changing priorities. Cognition a complex perception mechanism that involves memory, attention, executive functions, language, and psychomotor functions. This work reviews the possible positive and negative effects of caffeine on cognitive functions according to researches and studies. Caffein...